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Connections …In This PartChapter 34PostgreSQLChapter 35OracleChapter 36PEAR DatabaseFunctionsChapter 37E-mailChapter 38PHP and JavaScriptChapter 39PHP and JavaChapter 40PHP and XMLChapter 41Web ServicesChapter 42Graphics …
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620Part IIIAdvanced Features and TechniquesSummaryMost of the elements of PHP style are desirable in any programming language. You want towrite readable code, with appropriately abstracted functions, consistent indentation, andexplanatory comments. You want to stay away from magic numbers, cloned code repeti- tion, overuse of global variables, and cryptically clever tricks. Your program should work onthe inputs you expect, do something reasonable with inputs you didn t expect, and have thegrace to die informatively in situations you reallydidn t expect. Some of the PHP-specific style issues have to do with organizing file inclusions, how inti- mately you mix your PHP with your HTML, and more generally the separation of code fromdesign. A wide range of styles are okay here, but you should strive for page-level and site- wide consistency. …
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619Chapter 33Stylecode and graphics. If your site has a large number of pages or is very content-rich, you mayfind (as we have) that it s helpful to choose a particular kind of file organization or template, and stick to it across the site. One simplified example follows, which is similar to templateswe have used on www.mysteryguide.comand www.sciencebookguide.com.

In this example, every page loads the same file of site-wide utility functions, then loads a fileof functions specific to that page, then defines variables that will be global for the page, andfinally intersperses PHP commands in some boilerplate HTML. The content is in columns, andthe actual content displayed depends on the particular page s functions, which always havethe same names, but with definitions varying for each page. Changing what s displayed in thecolumns means either changing the per-page functions or (more likely) modifying thedatabase contents. It would be possible for a nonprogrammer to do some limited design onthis page by operating directly on the HTML and being careful to leave the PHP alone. The preceding example is just one simplified possibility from a range of ways to divide up thelabor of displaying a PHP page. Another that we like even better is the heredoc technique thatwe discuss in the section, The heredoc style, earlier in the chapter. Your particular strategywill depend on the type of site, the size of the site, and the styles of the people contributing. Finally, note that all these strategies really just adopt a convention about separating logic anddisplay in PHP. If you need an even stronger distinction, there are PHP-based templating sys- tems available that further insulate the display people from the innards of program logic. Oneexample is YATS (Yet Another Template System), available at http://yats.sourceforge.net.
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618Part IIIAdvanced Features and TechniquesSeparating Code from DesignMany of the topics in this chapter have obvious implications for the separation of code anddesign. Here are a few additional techniques we should mention. FunctionsAs you can see from our Medium PHP example in Listing 33-3, using self-defined functions canbe a very flexible and powerful formatting tool, as well as one of the things that make PHPbetter than a tag-based scripting language. Cascading style sheets in PHPAs you doubtless already know, there are four generally accepted ways to apply styles toyour Web pages: .By applying CSS formatting to individual tags. .By using